Land Acquisition

* FDI will lead to job losses. Small retailers and other small ‘Kirana store owners’ will suffer a large loss. Giant retailers and Supermarkets like Walmart, Carrefour, etc. will displace small retailers. * Supermarkets will establish their monopoly in the Indian market. Because of supermarket’s fine tuning, they will get goods on low price and they will sell it on low price than small retailers, it will decrease the sell of small retailers. Jobs in the manufacturing sector will be lost because foreign giants will purchase their goods from the international market and not from domestic sources. This has been the experience of most countries which have allowed FDI in retail. Although, our country had made a condition that they must source a minimum of 30% of their goods from Indian micro and small industries, we can’t stop them from purchasing goods from international markets as per WTO law. So after coming to India, they can reduce this 30% by litigating at the WTO.So far India has not allowed FDI in retail and allows these giants to operate stores which can deal only with registered business. For e. g. , Metro, a well known retailing giant of Germany is allowed to sell only to businesses which serve the front end customers like us. The retail industry can be divided into organized and unorganized sector. The organized retailing is which are backed by corporate giants like Reliance, Future etc. Unorganized retailing refers to the traditional shops which are basically no frills business.Organized sector can be compared to premium airlines whereas unorganized sector can be compared to low cost ones. However like in airline industry the unorganized sector contributes 98% of the total trade. However inspite of being well served by our home grown retailers, the government is toying up with the idea of opening retail for foreign companies. That brings us to the question on what exactly do they bring to the table. The answer is a lot of hear tburns and a little respite to the country in terms of managing the food produce in the country.

E †Marketing of the Music Products Essay

The success of music marketing traditionally has been determined by the power of the musicians artists and the consumers. However there had been a quantum change in the power recently thanks to the increased use of information and communication technology. The music industry had long held the power to control the development of the marketing, but the advent of the internet and the technological advancement in the information and communication technology has allowed the artistes and consumers to take power of their own. There were initial apprehensions about the impact of the internet on the marketing of the music industry due to the presence of file-sharing and peer-to-peer networks that might hinder the growth of sales of the music products. However it so happened that the internet has opened up a sea of chances for the growth of the marketing of the music products through the development of new retail channels for consumers as well as for the artistes to take advantage of the increased customer net work. This marketing channel has made much more music available to a much wider and larger set of audience and consumers. Punjabi music and songs have been estimated to originate between the 14th and 15th century, as folklore with the farmers composing songs in their own dialects and tunes. There are different varieties of Punjabi music that enthrall the music lovers. The Punjabi music market had grown with the time by selling the products through recorded cassette tapes and then through the medium of compact discs. With the passage of time the internet marketing has taken over the reins and the industry developed with newer and improved technological means of marketing the ancient cultural treasure. The internet marketing has proved to be an effective platform for the Punjabi music to gain popularity not only in India but throughout the world. There is a huge difference in the marketing strategy and approaches of the Punjabi music industry before and after the introduction of internet as a marketing medium. Internet marketing has made the industry to constantly work on finding new strategies to develop the marketing efforts. While originally it was apprehended that features like file sharing and peer-to-peer networks will hamper the growth of the sale of Punjabi music products, there were no such hindrances in reality and the industry is growing day by day with the introduction of new and improved music themes. With the help of internet marketing the purchasing of music products has improved considerably and this has increased the customer needs and preferences. In this context this study looks at the contribution of internet marketing to the growth of sale of Punjabi music products and how internet has helped the music industry to introduce new and improved methods of marketing. The scope of the study is to review the development of the Punjabi music industry over the period of time along with the development of the internet marketing concept. The study also analyses the problems in the music industry associated with the development of the internet market. 1. 1 Research Objectives While looking at the overall development of the internet marketing of the Indian Punjabi music the study has other objectives like 1. Comparing the differences in the marketing approaches prior to the introduction and development of the internet marketing and the present day approaches backed by internet marketing. 2. Exploring the available present and future technologies that can help the music industry grow 3. Analysing the impact of these technologies on the conduct of business and development of marketing for the music industry in general 4. Reviewing the response of the music industry to the technological developments 5. Assessing the impact the internet marketing had on the consumer preferences and tastes in the context of the music industry in general and Punjabi music in particular 6. Assessing the impact of file sharing and peer-to-peer networks on the internet marketing of the music products. 7. Assessing the possibility of turning the illegitimate music routes to legitimate saleable propositions. 1. 2 Research Scope The study intends to review the development of the marketing concept of the music industry in general and the Punjabi music in particular over the period of time till the introduction of the concept of internet marketing and how the marketing concepts have changed over time. This can be seen from the changes in consumer preferences over the time in them asking new and more improved ways of listening to the music without losing the quality of the music. Examples in this connection are the I-pods and MP3 concepts. The findings of this study will greatly interest the music lovers as well as the music industry because some interesting information on the E-marketing strategies would be evolved which can help them to adapt to the latest developments in the technology. The study will also extend to the analysis of the reasons and extent of piracy prevalent in the music industry and the scope for converting such piracies to saleable propositions. Overall the study aims at reviewing the growth of the music industry over the period of technological improvements. 1. 3 Research Questions This study attempts to answer the following research questions among other things: 1. What is the impact of technological developments in the marketing growth of the music industry in general and Indian Punjabi music in particular? 2. What are the changes in the consumer preferences in respect of the music products with the development of internet marketing in the music industry? 3. What are the chances that piracy in the E-marketing can be contained with respect to the music products? 1. 4 Structure of the Dissertation In order to make a cohesive presentation this dissertation has been divided in to different chapters. Chapter 1 makes a brief introduction to the readers about the background of the Punjabi music and the internet marketing being the subject the thesis is going to deal. This chapter also outlines the objectives of the research and sets the questions that the research intends to find answers. Chapter 2 makes a detailed review of the available literature on the internet marketing of the music products and the associated issues with a view to familiarize the readers to the discussions on the core subject of the paper ‘Impact of Internet on Indian Punjabi Music Industry: An overview on the Internet Marketing of the Music Products’ . Chapter 3 presents an account of the research methodology that was adopted to gather the information and data needed for the completion of the research along with a justification for the chosen method of research. The findings of the research and an analysis there of constitutes Chapter 4. Some concluding remarks recapitulating the issues discussed forming the content of the text is presented in the final chapter 5. There were certain limitations of this research which are mentioned in the concluding chapter. Chapter 2 Literature Review The scope of this chapter extends to the presentation of a review of the available literature on the subject of the impact of the internet marketing on the Indian Punjabi music industry. While reviewing the literature on this particular subject the study also extends to an analysis of the impact of E-marketing on the music industry and its products. 2. 1 Indian Punjabi Music – a Background As observed earlier the origin of the Indian Punjabi music dates back to the 14th or 15 the century. Developed as folklore the music had the exquisite character of instilling energy and rhythm in to the lives of those who sing these songs. There are a number of varieties of Punjabi songs like â€Å"bhangara, jhumar, luddi, giddha, julli† and so on. The music had a vibrant style which made it popular in the world and with the migration of the people the music also travelled westwards. With the fascination for this kind of music the Punjabi music and songs have acquired a greater significance in the international world of music. Music charts are being prepared with the flavor of this Asian culture. The Punjabi music has developed to such an extent that it is compared with other popular music like rock and reggae. Even European songs are infused with the mixture of the Punjabi music and songs and have attracted music lovers all over the world. (Indian Child) 2. 1. 1 Development of Indian Punjabi Music ‘Bhangra’ one of the traditional forms of Indian Punjabi music has become increasingly popular in the Western music cultures over the period. With a tradition of more than 500 years old ‘bhangra’ which was performed during harvest festivals was increasingly being performed in weddings and other joyous occasions like New Year celebrations. According to Asia Today though the Indian Punjabi music ‘bhangra’ is still performed in its traditional form, in recent years the music has taken new versions in the form of ‘remixes, film songs, hip-hop, reggae and house music’ and through these new forms has developed a growing Western audience in the regions of Europe and North America. The music has seen its developments in the UK during the 1970s when it started influencing the British club scenes. The development of the music has been accelerated due to the presence of a large section of South Asian Diaspora especially belonging to the second generation youngsters in the whole of Europe and more specifically in the UK. In the recent past ‘bhangra’ has reverted back to its original drum beats and it is sure that this music will enthrall more audience world wide in the years to come (Asia Today)

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM (For Second Writer) Essay

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM (For Second Writer) - Essay Example When there is a team effort like this, you have information problems: it is hard to tell who is shirking. "The essence of the classical firm is identified here as a contractual structure with: 1) joint input production [team efforts]; 2) several input owners [e.g. each laborer owns himself]; 3) one party who is common to all the contracts of the joint inputs [the employer/owner]; 4) who has rights to renegotiate any input's contract independently of contracts with other input owners [e.g. can hire, fire, etc. to reward inputs that contribute more]; 5) who holds the residual claim [i.e. gets the "residual" income; see below]; and 6) who has the right to sell his central contractual residual status [i.e. can sell the company]." In earlier literature regarding the theory of the firm, many argued with Alchian and Demsetz. According to Organizations and Markets.com (2009 p. 1), "The striking insight of Alchian and Dernsetz (1972) and Jensen and Meckling (1976) is in viewing the firm as a set of contracts among factors of production. In effect, the firm is viewed as a team whose members act from self-interest but realize that their destinies depend to some extent on the survival of the team in its competition with other teams." Fama criticizes Alchian and Demsetz, however, for failing to eliminate the entrepreneur from the picture; their theory still includes an employer who, like an entrepreneur, polices shirking because he collects the benefits of doing so." Alchian and Demsetz had their own unique view of the firm. It is presented in the following diagram: Figure 2: Organizational Chart Source: Emerald Insight (2009 p. 1) Their arguments have their good points and their bad points. I do believe authority plays a large role in the success of organization and that too much authority and/or too little authority can certainly bring a firm down, but I also believe that information is way more than valuable to the rise of a firm, and therefore the cost of it is duly justified. I am just not sure at this point which is more important. Perhaps they are of equal importance. One could argue that every little function within an organization could make or break that organization. These are just two points of view that we are presented with. Perhaps a broader spectrum of ideas would help to justify one side or the other of the argument. The ideas would come from multiple departments within the organization instead of a few elite professionals. The broader the spectrum is from which to choose, the better conclusion one can make. References Alchian, AA. Principles of Professional Advancement 1996. Economic Inquiry, Vol. 34. Alchian, AA, JM Buchanan; H Demsetz, A Leijonhufyud, et.al. 1996. Economic Inquiry. Vol. 34. Alchian and Demsetz: Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization 2009. Wikisum. Available at

MDCs Approach To Motivating And Coordinating Employees In Xerox Essay - 10

MDCs Approach To Motivating And Coordinating Employees In Xerox - Essay Example This could most clearly demonstrate the role of Clendenin being the authority as the project manager within the organization because they are let go to coordinate activities and build teams according to their own creative standards and communication patterns after the rational career development training. The sources of power in a matrix organization like Xerox are very disparate and changeable, to reflect the external environment of change and dynamism in a competitive industry. Clendenin created many new opportunities for looking at organizations and the relationships that are formed out of a sense of circumstance and happening rather than out of a sense of totalized management planning. The result was a more open and malleable system that accounts for vagaries in the organization and obstacles that may not be as easily accounted for from other, more rationally strict viewpoints. This perspective also often stresses the ability of the face of the organization, like Clendenin, to determine its corporate culture. Clendenin has a strong social network based on a foundation of team-based management. MDC has made various organizational design choices as shown in the case, particularly revolving around its new career development initiatives and new procedures that focus on teamwork as well as effective management. In terms of its status as an organization as shown and depicted in the case, MDC has faced design challenges in various ways. In terms of vertical differentiation, this has been met at the organization through the maintenance of systems within a matrix type design, which still has differentiated areas of control such as those of project manager and sub-project manager, who are able to balance between the multinational sections of the organization and the more domestic management- or budget-oriented sections, which form two distinct organizational cultures.

Walmart Foreign Expansion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walmart Foreign Expansion - Case Study Example Walmart gradually changed the Mexican merchandising culture to American as it expanded its operations in this country. It customized its products and it lowered their prices which resulted in Mexicans changing their shopping habits as they begat to visit large retail shops. This attributed to Walmart’s success in Mexico. 2. In order to succeed in China, Walmart should adapt to the Chinese culture so that it can mesh it with its merchandising strategy. For instance, Walmart has discovered that the Chinese prefer that fresh food be harvested in front of them and this is the exact strategy that it has adopted. Walmart has also discovered that in China, success requires it to embrace unions and it has adopted this strategy which is in stark contrast to America where unionization is opposed. This has positively contributed to the company making inroads in China. 3. It is quite challenging for a company such as Walmart to change the culture of the nation where it is doing business. Consumers in different nations have their own culture which may not be easily changed. However, in order to be successful in such nations, it is imperative for the company to adopt the local people’s culture and try to mesh it with its strategy. This is likely to appeal to the interests of the customers rather than fully changing their culture which they will

Renting a House & Buying a House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renting a House & Buying a House - Essay Example A house on rent would be the best option for a college going student. There are many college going students who do not live in campus. So for them the best options are either they take up PG in their nearest locality or rent a complete house to enjoy the benefits which come along with living in a house. The student community is not a permanent community to live in a house. For them the best option always is to rent a house for a temporary period and then move out as soon as the course gets over. Buying the house is any day a better option as at that time the person is the owner of his own property. However, there are families who are recently married and decide to move out of their parent’s house in search of a private home. For them, it rather depends on more than one factor whether or not to buy a house or to rent a house. The financial condition plays a huge role in determining what option to choose. So if there is a family who has the income to purchase a house then they s hould consider buying the property for a more lasting future and a stable life. There is no denying that owning a house is a much more stable option for families than renting a house. The feel good factor of owning the house is a much better feeling than being a tenant in someone else’s property. ... The family which is not in a position to buy a house may take a loan to own a house, and keep paying monthly instalments in return of the loan. A stable life only comes with a stable house and a stable locality. This is imperative for a long and continuous life which includes a strong base with respect to the place the family is living in. When the family has been able to garner enough money and resources, then comes the question of which house to buy and where to buy. This is the most important question which needs to be answered with respect to the purchase of the house. There are often times when the families buy the house when they are expanding in size. This could be due to a baby arriving in the family. Or otherwise, there are also times when the families decide to buy the house due to a promotion, change of a job where the members of the family start earning more. Financial conditions are the most important condition which is kept in mind before the purchase is made. This is d one to highlight the significance of the role money plays in determining the placed of living for the families. In all such circumstances buying the house is the best option overall. The arrival of a new born is a significant approach towards the purchase of a new house. It is important to note that families tend to find new places to live for their new born as they think that the baby deserves the best environment to grow and excel in life, which means that the got to shift off their present location and find a more beautiful location to raise their new born. Apart from this, a new job is also a major criteria for families to buy a house. As a first time buyer of the house, it is important to chalk out the needs and objectives before moving into the

Critique of the play How I Learned to Drive by Paula Vogel Essay

Critique of the play How I Learned to Drive by Paula Vogel - Essay Example This expresses much more broadly Bits character: When she is drunk, she is cynical but also deeply afraid; her childhood experiences, the warnings her parents gave her, ring out through her at a highly internalized level. This helps inform us how they will interact when it comes to the more serious issue of Uncle Peck. This line, uttered by the Teenage Greek Chorus, says that Bits father is ruled by his stomach and his superiors in life. This is a critical expression of how the play and the people within it tend to view men, and will help to give an understanding of the developments of the plot. This quote is literally Bit telling her friend that sex is painful, especially before marriage. But it is also a sign into how Bit, thanks to her uncles treatment of her, views sex. She has been molested, and she realizes the degree of the trauma to her. It is similar to another quote, Quote #4, which shows that Bit thinks that men are monsters that cannot control their urges. Quote 4: â€Å"Lucy, you’d better not be filling Mama’s head with sex! Every time you and Mary come over and start in about sex, when I ask a simple question like, â€Å"What time is dinner going to be ready?† Mama snaps my head off!† This quote has Bit literally asking someone not to talk with sex to her mother. But the quote is showing two things about Bits psychology. First: She views sex as something beyond the purview of control, something that people are just forced into by their urges (and, in her case, others). Second: It demonstrates that she has to talk about sex enough to irritate her mother, which is caused by her

Strategic Management Discussion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Management Discussion Paper - Essay Example supposed to save time since tasks would not have to be passed from one team to another if a cross functional team is used to handle the entire production cycle. The idea is also helped by the emergence of business information systems which allow the sharing of information between departments making cross functional teams more powerful than departmental teams alone. There are some situations where reengineering is not only a good point on the agenda, it becomes a necessity for survival. The emerging e-business environment and the world of online sales means that not only the business models followed by companies but also the methods of doing business have to be changed (Rayport and Jaworski, 2000). The case of Apple is a prime example where the business process as well as the way sales were made by the company were changed and reengineered due to the availability of technology and the presence of a new business process (Smith, 2006). Of course there can be situations where a reengineering of a process may not be viable such as the operations of a hospital where health of the patient may be more important than simple profits or an airport where safety is often more important than efficiency. A high level of turnover at a company can be sign of many different things but given the other situations which are present at the company, it seems that there are quite a few problems at Milinder Recycling which are leading to the present situation of high turnover amongst new employees. While it is heartening to know that most of the older employees have been retained, the lack of new hires sticking it out shows that there is a significant problem with the recruitment and retention process for junior members (Welch, 2005). The company needs to establish an orientation program as well as provide some on the job training for new recruits who can be shown why Milinder is a good company to work for. Since the company has noticed that older employees are easier to retain they can

What does the nature of statebuilding in Bosnia tell about sovereignty Essay

What does the nature of statebuilding in Bosnia tell about sovereignty during its post war reconstruction - Essay Example Earlier in the process of state building, there was an understanding that non-western states were autonomous and independent entities, and did not require western interference. However, in the post-Cold war era, in cases of domestic conflict, the issues of development and security have broadened to such an extent that non-western states cannot prevent the interference of foreign bodies in their domestic processes (Chandler, 2006). Bosnia, after the end of the civil war, was a transition state, and hence fragile in nature. In such cases, while helping to rebuild a fragile nation, the response from the international communities is often based on the establishment of new political orders and a new constitutional mechanism. Not promoting notions of state fragmentation through secession, the global community looks to pacify all parties that were at strife during the civil war by advocating agreements that make sovereignty a shared right amongst the existing warring factions within the sta te. Those in the arena of international relations often term this form of state sovereignty as internal self-determination (Cassese, 1995). This comprises the rights of different nationalistic groups within the realms of a multi-ethnic state that aims at preserving all the existent socio-cultural, language and religious identities, equal participation of these groups in state politics, with even a certain extent of regional autonomy (Hannum, 1990). Thus, to bring in peace initiatives for helping states in transition, experts in the line of international relations bring forth the notions of ‘consociational democracy’ that advocate a moderate form of political attitude (Lijphardt, 1969, 207). In real practice, various instances have shown that post-conflict reconstruction cannot be based only on establishing a new constitutional mechanism. In a fragile state, when a new constitutional mechanism is place, there are chances that the newly formed social and cultural institut ions and political framework may fail to form a sustaining framework. According to a report by the World Bank, chances of a conflict breaking out again after the close of a civil war, in a fragile state, is nearly 40 % (Collier, 2000, 6). Even with extensive negotiations with various concerned parties, undertaken by any international peace mission to prevent a fragile state from regressing back into armed conflict, there are substantial barriers in establishing an effective sovereign state. In case of Bosnia, we find that even after 16 years of large-scale efforts from the global community to reconstruct Bosnia and bring in socio-political stability in the country, the state is yet to achieve an established form. In 2009, after 14 years since the Dayton treaty (1995) heralded the end of a near four yearlong violent ethnic civil war, Bosnians again faced a serious threat of another civil war (McMahon and Western, 2009). In this context, keeping Bosnia as a frame of reference, this pa per will explore concepts associated with modern notions of state building, whether international form of state building is actually a way of assuming control over state functioning, the differences between peace building and state building, and viable alternatives to the current form of international state building. Discussion Viewing state building as regards its effectiveness in case of post-war Bosnia The Dayton peace agreement signed in 1995 is often viewed as a treaty, which was â€Å"designed to end a war, not build a state† (Ashdown, 2004, 15). Various scholars contend that leaders of ethnic

The liberal democrat Partys election broadcast Essay Example for Free

The liberal democrat Partys election broadcast Essay In the opening sequence, we used diegetic sound, as we could see and hear Charles Kennedy talking. He uses a clear, bold assertive tone of voice, thus attracting the full attention of the viewer. We could also hear everyday sounds in the background- the children laughing and playing using parallel sound as Kennedy describes how schools can be better with the Liberal Democrats. Within the classroom, everyday sound is included again, with the scraping of chairs and other typical classroom sounds. When Frankie Fawcetts Father begins to speak, we use diegetic sound once again. Seeing the face of the speaker makes it more personal, and easier for the viewer to empathise, after seeing how ordinary people can be affected. In the sequence concerning the commuter, we emphasised the awful ordeal of using the rail service by using exaggerated parallel sound. This sound device helps show the viewers how the Labour Party is affecting ordinary, everyday people. The everyday sounds inside the train appeared louder, and there was loud prominent coughing that further outlines the terrible, cramped conditions. We used a few sound bridges, which helped smoothen the link between two scenes. We felt it unnecessary to use techniques such as contrapuntal sound, as it might have confused the viewers in such a straightforward broadcast. Before I move onto the next section, are there any questions? Okay. Now onto camera shots. A number of different techniques were used during the broadcast to outline certain aspects and messages put out to the viewers. When there was a speaker on screen, we tended to use more mid shots, which feel friendlier, as we thought that maybe close up shots might have given the impression that youve no option but to listen to this person. But by using mid-shots, you can see the speaker as well as seeing what is going on in the background. Charles Kennedy introduces himself whilst in mid shot, and we can relate to what hes saying by seeing the school children in long shot. In the classroom scene, we use a crane shot, and angle it to further aid the viewers to understand just how crowded the classrooms are. When Kennedy outlines the problem with the rail service, we included a long shot of the train, and also included Kennedy himself, in a mid shot. In the commuters sequence, doing an extreme close up on the watch creates an emphasis on the late time keeping of the trains. Whilst the commuters are inside the train, we used close-ups, to create the feeling of extreme cramped conditions. You will have noticed the shaking of the camera, suggesting the train journey to be bumpy and uncomfortable. You may have noticed that we didnt use tracking shots, as we wanted to concentrate on the inside of the train. During the University Student sequence, we did a long shot of the two students, and then zoomed in on each one. On the red student union card, you can see a close up of each of the students faces. This makes it easier to see their expressions and feelings towards the situation of whether or not they have to pay tuition fees. At the end, we used a range of different shots to show the celebrations. We used panning shots to show just how many people were joining in on the celebration. Also, using tilt shots to follow the movement of the balloons and fireworks helps develop the celebratory mood. I would now like to move on to which editing techniques we used and why. Firstly, editing is the way in which shots are joined together, and you may have noticed that the majority of our editing techniques involved straight cuts. This was to keep areas of the broadcast clean and simple, and to minimise confusion. For example, we used a straight cut from the point in which Charles Kennedy introduced himself, to the point that showed the school children sat in the classroom. We thought this was a good choice of editing as the two scenes were related and the straight cut keeps things simple. A dissolve shot may not have been appropriate here, as the viewers may view the next scene as one of a different subject. We took full advantage of jump cuts within the train. This gives the viewer a clear idea of the discomfort of the journey and the fact that commuting with trains under the Labour government is quite bad. We tended to use jump cuts in areas that portrayed the bad aspects of the Labour rule. We avoided using editing techniques such as dissolve as it was only a 5 minute broadcast and we thought that using this technique would consume too much time, and also be quite confusing as there wasnt really a relevant place for one anyway. Other techniques such as wipe cut we found inappropriate for the broadcast, although there was a point in which we used a fade out to black, which signalled a change in subject. If there are no questions, (pause) I should now like to move onto the special effects we used within the broadcast. We used a range of different techniques. Even at the beginning, we did a triple shot that included three different mini screens showing all the different people being affected by the government. This gives the viewers the idea that everyone is affected by the ruling of the government. And then, at the end, three smaller screens are shown to give the viewer a clear idea of how big the celebration is. We also used the technique of superimposition. For example, within the classroom we superimposed Frankie Fawcetts Fathers face onto the scene of the classroom. We thought this to be a good use of special effects as it gave a more personal effect, seeing the concerned Father speaking, as well as seeing his daughter in the cramped classroom. It may also give the effect to the viewers that this is affecting everyone, everyday people. We again used superimposition in the scene that superimposed the university students faces onto the student union cards. Also we used special effects to illustrate statistics; numbers and figures associated with, for example, the number of children Labour has in each classroom, compared with the number the Lib Dems will cut class sizes to. You may have noticed that this sort of special effect using graphics was used quite frequently when it came to comparing Labours rule with the possible Lib Dem rule. One example was when we were illustrating the problem with tuition fees. The statistics were displayed on the screen as bright yellow computerised graphics, whilst the image of the page of a book was shown in the background, which gave relevance to the fact that it relates to education. Moving on from graphics, we used certain effects to give an emphasised impression. For example, in the scene with the school pupils, we cut out about 10 of the pupils to show how the Lib Dems will reduce the class sizes. But to emphasise the feeling of space, you may have noticed that the effect is greater when we take the pupils out from the front of the classroom. Finally, I would like to talk about the mise en scene, that is, basically, the things such as setting, props, costume and makeup and facial expressions. Inside the classroom full of school pupils, we made sure that they looked hard at work, you may have noticed them talking quietly, sitting with their backs straight. We also made sure that the desks were full of school equipment, to give the room a further emphasised effect of busy-ness. Also the viewers will sympathise for the pupils as they look like they are really trying to cope with the cramped conditions, and still trying to work as hard as they can. The fact that Charles Kennedy and Mr. Fawcett are seen wearing suits makes clear that this is a serious matter. In the sequence involving the commuter, we told Jill not to wear smart clothes, and you may have noticed her hair flying all over the place and her make up after the journey was pale and bare, giving her a look of ill health. She never smiled during her commute, and she curled her lip whilst getting off the train. We made sure that it was a dull day in order to parallel the somewhat dull commute. In the scene involving the university students, you may have noticed that the students were sat there, talking quietly, drinking water. This would give the idea that the students are sensible (not drinking beer and bouncing off the walls! ) and consequently deserve the right not to pay tuition fees. And then finally, we see lots of happy body language during the celebrations, clapping and waving. Now, that just about concludes my explanation about the broadcast. Are there any questions before I bid you all farewell? (Answers questions) Okay then! Thank you very much for coming ladies and gentlemen, it has been my pleasure to be able to work with such a broadcast, and I wish you all the best for the upcoming election.

Phytochemical screening

Phytochemical screening Discussion 5.1. Phytochemical screening Phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract. In this study phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of S. asper and L. procumbens shows the presence of various metabolites including reducing compounds and free radicals scavenging compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides anthraquinones, and phlobatinins. Tannins possessed spasmolytic activity in smooth muscles cells, free radical scavenger and antioxidant (Tona et al., 1999). Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds like quercetin 3-O-glucoside, rutin have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties while saponins are glycosides possessed antimicrobial and inhibit Na+ efflux, by blockage of the entrance of the Na+ out of the cell, reducing congestive heart failure (Abou-Donia et al., 2008). Various studies revealed that natural and synthetic derivates of alkaloids and have possessed medicinal importance includes analgesic, antisplasmodic and bactericidal activities, antioxidant and are useful in renal disorder (Okwu and Okwu, 2004). Our results agree with investigation of Sofowara, (1993) during characterization of medicinal plants. The total phenolic contents of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Phenolics compounds present in fruits and vegetables have received considerable attention because of their potential antioxidant activities (Pan et al., 2008). Phenolic compounds react with phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids present in the folin-ciocalteu reagent (Amin Yazdanparast, 2007), amino acids, proteins, organic acids, sugars and aromatic amines causing interference in determination (Meda et al., 2005; Roura, Andres-Lacueva, Estruch, Lamuela-Ravents, 2006) but in this investigation, S. asper and L. procumbens were dried before extraction while ascorbic acid was lost during drying process and amino acids, proteins and sugars can be removed from the extraction solvents. Thus, interference from ascorbic acid or other compounds like amino acids, proteins and sugars should be very little. In the present study these plants possessed contents of phenolic compounds in ranges from (88.3Â ±2.1) to (432.8Â ±2.93) mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE mg/g extract) in LPHE and LPME followed by (95.6Â ±1.7) to (332Â ±1.53) in SAHE and SAME respectively. Similarly high flavonoids content was found in methanolic extract of Sonchus asper (15.2Â ±0.76) followed by LPME (13.98Â ±0.87) mg rutin equivalent/g extract. The presence of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, possess diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-atherosclerotic activities. These activities might be related to their antioxidant activity (Chung, Wong, Huang, Lin, 1998). Phenolic compounds may contribute to antioxidative action (Duh et al., 1999), inhibitory effects on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in humans (Tanaka et al., 1998). Several phenolic compounds like tannins present in the cells of plants are inhibitors of many hydrolytic enzymes such as proteolytic macerating enzymes used by plant pathogens. Other compounds like saponins also have a ntifungal properties (Aboaba and Efuwape, 2001; Mohanta et al., 2007). This study indicates that the presence of these bioactive compounds in the various fractions of plant might be responsible for their antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, allelopathic and cytotoxic activities. 5.2. Elemental and nutritional analysis of medicinal plants Wild growing leafy vegetables play an important role in the diet of inhabitants of different parts of the world. The proximate analysis of Sonchus asper and launaea procumbens shows that their leaves are a good source of metallic elements, protein and sugar. Due to the possession of these constituents, consumers are more benefited when they use these as a substitute of sugar in various food preparations. These values were found to be comparable with or higher than those of commonly used vegetables such as spinach, lettuce and cabbage. Potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium are nutritionally important, were found in reasonable amount in the leaf. These inorganic compounds play an important role in the maintenance of normal glucose-tolerance and in the release of insulin from beta cells of islets of langerhans (choudary and Bandyopadhyay, 1999). Some other metallic elements such as selenium, zinc and manganese are considered as potent antioxidant micronutrients increases immunity and prevent many diseases mediated with oxidative stress and free radicals. Iron is essential element in the synthesis of hemoglobin, presence of appropriate concentration in these plants play important role in nutritional disorder such as iron deficiency anemia (Talwar et al., 1989). Similar investigation was reported by Tadhani, M and Subhash, (2006) during the preliminary studies on stevia rebaudiana leaves for phytochemical and mineral screening. Undoubtedly, there is growing interest in natural sources of nutrients and health-promoting compounds. Within these compounds, polyphenols and antioxidants have special attention, which is understandable because of their role as potential protective and preventive molecules against chronic ailments, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart disease, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, cancer, osteoporosis and in the entire aging process (Aruoma, 2003; Coruh, Celep, Ozgokce, 2007; Dasgupta De, 2004). 5.3. Chromatographic evaluation of flavonoids Flavonoids are rarely present in free in plant extract. These are found in combination as esters, glycosides or are bound to the cell wall. For this reason, before HPLC analysis, hydrolysis of glycosides or esters was necessary, so that phenolic compounds can be identified, since a considerable fraction is in bounded form. Moreover, BHT, a powerful antioxidant, was added to prevent degradation of phenolic during hydrolysis (Nardini and Ghiselli, 2004). In the present study the thin layer chromatography investigation was justified by high performance liquid chromatogram which reveal that SAME composed of three compounds orientin, rutin, hypersoid, SAEE showed vitexin, orientin, rutin while SABE hypersoid, vitexin. SACE possesses vitexin and SAWE possessed hypersoid however SAHE showed one for hypersoid. Chromatogram of LPME composed of five compounds catechin, orientin, rutin, hypersoid, myercitin. LPCE showed five known compounds catechin, rutin, vitexin, hypersoid, and myercitin whi le LPEE showed two compounds orientin, hypersoid and LPWE showed 2 compounds catechin, vitexin. LPBE showed 2 compounds catechin and vitexin, while LPHE shows unknown compounds. Results of Gudej and Tomczyk, (2004); Male et al., (2006) are in accordance to our study. The TLC results of Poukens-Renwart et al., (1992) showed the presence of vitexin, orientin and aglycone flavonoids in the bagasse and leaf extracts, and in the juice samples, which supports our results. Previous studies indicated that flavonoids were a potent antioxidant agent, quenching radicals, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (Bourgou et al., 2008). For that, natural antioxidants such as polyphenols are often added to foods to stabilizethem and prevent off-flavor development and have considerable interest for their potential role as functional foods or nutraceuticals (Espin et al., 2007). The mechanism by which antioxidants protect food from oxidation is by scavenging of free radicals via donation of an electron or a hydrogen atom, or by deactivation of metal ions and singlet oxygen. Gallic acid, for example, has been widely used as additives to avoid the degradation of foods and is known to have anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticancer activity (Soong and Barlow, 2006). In addition, vanillic acid is a phenolic derivative known to possess antimicrobial, anti-filarial and hepatoprotective activities (Singh et al., 2006). The results reported by Ksouri et al., (2009) s how similarty with our results during polyphenolic characterization of Tamarix gallica L. using same mobile phase. 5.4. Antimicrobial and antitumor potency of extracts The results of our screening assays justify the use of the investigated plants in the Pakistani ethnomedicine. The findings shows that Gram negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus areus was inhibited by MIC of LPCE (2.5ug/ml), LPME (1ug/ml), LPEE (2.5 ug/ml) and SABE (5ug/ml), SAME (2.5 ug/ml), SAWE (5 ug/ml) respectively while MIC of E.coli includes LPME (2.5 ug/ml), LPEE (2.5 ug/ml) and SAME (5 ug/ml) however Klebsiella pneumoniae growth was by MIC range of LPEE , LPBE , SAHE , SAME were (1ug/ml) and SAEE was (5ug/ml) respectively. In case of gram positive bacteria LPME, LPBE (5ug/ml), SAME (2.5ug/ml) showed MIC against Micrococcus lutes, while Bacillus subtillus was inhibited by LPBE, LPME, LPEE, SAME and SAEE with MIC (1ug/ml), however LPBE, LPME, SAME and SAEE inhibited the growth of Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC (5ug/ml) respectivelythat the plant possesses MIC of antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor potential. LPME and LPWE of Launaea procumbens and SAME of Sonchus asper showed activity against E.coli. Staphylococcus areus was inhibited by LPCE, LPME, LPWE and SABE, SAME, SAWE respectively. Fractions of Launaea procumbens including LPHE, LPEE, LPME, and LPWE markedly inhibited the effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae while SAHE, SAME, SAWE showed inhibition against them. Bacillus subtillus was inhibited by LPBE, LPME, LPWE and SAME, SAWE while Micrococcus lutes and Enterobacter aerogenase was controlled to by LPME, LPWE, SAME and LPWE, SABE respectively. Our MIC results agree with results reported by Ndhlala et al., (2009) during characterization of Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and mutagenic investigation of the South African tree aloe (Aloe barberae). Narod et al. (2004) reported that antibacterial activity of hexane, methanol and water extract of leaf and stem of Toddalia asiatica were active against Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria. They found that the MIC of methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 2 mg/ml. Duraipandiyan and Ignacimuthu, (2008) reported the same results during screening of antibacterial activities of various fractions of traditional medicinal plant, Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. The MIC values of the Flindersine compound isolated from same plant against bacteria Bacillus subtilis (31.25 ug/ml), Staphylococcus aureus (62.5 ug/ml), Staphylococcus epidermidis (62.5 ug/ml), Enterococcus faecalis (31.25 ug/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (250 ug/ml) respectively. Algiannis et al. (2001) proposed a classification based on MIC values of antifungal activities of extracts, where extracts with MIC up to 500 ug/ml are considered as strong inhibitors, 600-1500 ug/ml as moderate inhibitors and those with MIC values above 1600 as weak inhibitors. In this study replicate results of antifungal show that all fractions showed some extent of antifungal activity at 200 ug/ml concentration of various fractions, however growth of Aspergillus niger was markedly inhibited by methanolic and ethyl ace tate fraction of both plants, while F.solani was inhibited by butanolic, methanolic and water fraction of Launaea procumbens and Sonchus asper. Similarly Aspergillus flavus was inhibited by butanolic, methanolic, water fraction of Launaea procumbens and while water fraction of Launaea procumbens, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of Sonchus asper showed siignificant growth inhibition respectively. These results suggest that methanolic extracts of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens were more efficient to inhibit bacterial growth than fungal one, probably in relation to their active molecules. Several studies attributed the inhibitory effect of plant extracts against bacterial pathogens to their phenolic composition (Baydar et al., 2004; Rodriguez Vaquero et al., 2007) and might be presence of saponins which have antifungal properties (Aboaba and Efuwape, 2001; Mohanta et al., 2007). Kabuki et al. (2000) reported that the antimicrobial spectrums of the crude catechins were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. This tendency of tannin could be explained by that the structures of cell envelope, including cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall component, are different between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane surrounding the cell wall, which restricts diffusion of hydrophobic compounds through its lipopolysaccharide covering. Without outer membrane, the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria can be permeated more easily and tannins can disturb the cytoplasmic membrane, disrupt the proton motive force (PMF), electron flow, active transport and coagulation of cell contents (Burt, 2004). Therefore, the structural difference of bacteria plays an important role in their susceptibility. Crown-gall is a neoplastic disease of plants, in which autonomous plant tumor cells are produced from normal, wounded plant cells by the action of bacteria-borne tumor inducing plasmids. The method is independent of antibiosis (Fadli et al., 1991). It is caused by a specific strain of Gram-negative bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Pelczar and Reid, 1965). As certain mechanisms of tumorigenesis, such as the intracellular incorporation of extraneous nucleic acids, are common in both plants and animals (McLaughlin, 1991), the fundamental concept of developing this method was that the antitumor drugs might inhibit the initiation and growth of tumors in both animal and plant systems. Data of the present study reveal that all fractions of L.procumbens and S.asper show antitumor activity with exception of water and chloroform fractions of S.asper however methanolic fraction of L.procumbens with IC50 (13Â ±0.2 Â µg/ml) and S.asper (45Â ±1.7 Â µg/ml) were markedly control crown-gall t umor formation and their IC50 value is near to control indicated the use this plant species for the prevention and/or treatment of cancer. Hussain, Zia and Mirza, (2007) reported that methanolic extract of Fagonia cretica L. shows potent antitumor activities as compare to control, which supports our results. The results documented by Turker and Camper, (2002); DAS et al., (2007) are in accordance to our results. The results of present study supports the traditional usage of the studied plants and suggests that some of the plant extracts possess compounds with antimicrobial and anticancer properties that may be used as antimicrobial and anticancer agents in new future drugs for the therapy of cancer and infectious diseases caused by pathogens. 5.5. Phototoxic and cytotoxicity effects of plans Cytotoxicity screening models provide important preliminary data to select plant extracts with potential antineoplastic properties for future work (Cardellina et al., 1999). In the present study the order of LD50 of brine shrimps LPBE > LPME > LPEE > LPHE > LPWE > LPCE and SAME >SABE > SAEE > SAWE > SAHE > SACE was reported. Our results showed that the brine shrimp survival is inversely proportional to the concentration of the extract used. The extracts with LD50 values higher than 200 mg/l in the brine shrimp test can be considered inactive (Anderson et al., 1991), but in the present study almost all of our extracts possesses LD50 less than 200 mg/l and are markedly effective in removing foreign cell and could be used as chemopreventive anticancer, however chloroform fraction of Launaea procumbens, n-hexane and water fraction of Sonchus asper was inactive, showed no significance cytotoxicity activity and LD50 value are greater than 200 ug/ml (200 mg/l). Our results agree with the reports inferred by Hussain et al., (2008) during screening various fraction of Nepeta juncea through brine shrimps cytotoxicity that only water fraction showed activity. Zaidi et al., (2006) studied that methanolic fraction of Arceuthobium oxycedri exhibited 100% cytotoxicity for brine shrimps at high dose level, with LC50 of 8.3ÃŽÂ ¼g/ ml. its cytotoxicity might be responsible for the damage it causes to this fossil species. Cyrus et al., (2008) reported no correlation between antibacterial and cytotoxic activity during screening of Kenyan medicinal plants. The plant fraction that was lethal to brine shrimp nauplii showed low inhibitory activity against bacteria. From the plant extracts, only Ajuga remota Benth (LC50 Recently scientist have focused to increase the crop production to meet the needed of world population, but unfortunately, crop yield losses every year due to insects and plant diseases caused by various pathogens (Fletcher et al., 2006), slow biodegration of herbicides (Barnard et al., 1997). To control these shortcomings researchers have focused on allelochemicals and bio-herbicides, produced by plants themselves. The phyototoxic results of all fractions of both plants shows that they inhibited the growth of reddish root as well as shoot as compare to non treated control plant. Water, methanolic and butanolic fractions showed marked growth inhibition of root and shoot while n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of both plants showed moderate effects. Our findings showed similarity with results reported by Javaid et al., (2009) that water extract of Withala somnifera and Datura alba possessed some bioactive compounds which significantly inhibited the growth of root and shoot of Rumex dentatus L. highly competitive weed in wheat during allelopathic screening. Similar investigations was found by Kordali et al., (2008) that essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and their phenolic compounds completely inhibited the growth of seedling and roots and possessed antifungal activity when compare to standards compounds. 5.6. Scavenging of free radicals and medicinal plants Oxidation is a necessary process for human beings for energy production; however during normal metabolism oxygen consumption, through many enzymatic systems produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. In small amounts, these ROS are beneficial in signal transduction and growth regulation. However large amount of ROS produced oxidative stress, attack many molecules such as protein, DNA and lipids (Halliwell Gutteridge, 1999). Human beings possessed a system of antioxidant enzymes which scavenge and terminate directly ROS radical-mediated oxidative reactions they may be used a method of prevention of aging-associated diseases and health problems. In addition to antioxidant enzymes, non enzymatic compounds also take part in removing of ROS such as vitamin c, vitamin E and ÃŽÂ ±-topherol in addition to exogenous antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols. This has led to an accelerated search for antioxidant compounds, the identification of natural resources, and the isolation of active antioxidant molecules. Antioxidants have been detected in a number of agricultural and food products including cereals, fruits, vegetables and oil seeds (Adom, Sorrells, Liu, 2003; Netzel, Netzel, Tian, Schwartz, Konczak, 2007; Yu, Perret, David, Wilson, Melby, 2002). Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and propyl gallate (PG) have been widely used as antioxidant s in the food industry (Nawar, 1996). However, the safety of these synthetic antioxidants has been questioned. BHA has shown to be carcinogenic and BHT has been related to internal and external hemorrhaging at high doses in rats and guinea pigs (Ito et al., 1986). These findings increased the interest of consumer in natural food additives for effective uptake of antioxidant compounds as alternative source for scavenging of antioxidant compounds. Data of the present study revealed that various fractions of both plant show marked scavenging potential. Among them methanolic fraction of both plants indicated that this is more active in scavenging of 1, 1-diphenyl 1-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2 azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid), reduction of reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) and inhibiting the oxidation of linoleic acid and subsequent bleaching of b-carotene. Similarly superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide most reactive and induces severe damage to adjacent bio molecules are scavenges effectively, as well as possesses a good metallic reducing and iron chelating properties. Our result shows similarity with the investigation of Hagerman et al. (1998) and Falleh et al., (2008). The results obtained by Duenas et al., (2006) and Kilani et al., (2008) also support our investigations. 5.7. Free radicals and changes of body and tissue weight The present study revealed that highly significant variation was observed in body weight and % increase in body weight. CCl4 and KBrO3 treatment of rats significantly decreased the body weight as compare to the non treated control group. Okada et al., (2003) reported the significant decrease in the body weight of rats by oral administration of CCl4. These results are in accordance with Lin and Lin, (2006) that CCl4 treatment causes a significant decrease in the body weight of the rats as compared with control rats. The results of Noyan et al. (2006) were also similar to our findings, in which they find the significant decrease in the body weight of mice groups treated with CCl4 intraperatonialy. Khan and Ahmad, (2009) reported that the treatment of male rats with CCl4 for 16 weeks caused a significant loss in the body weight, which was restored by methanolic extract of Digera muricata. These studies justify the decrease in the body weight of rats due to CCl4 and KBrO3 which was significantly recovered in the present study with the treatment of various fractions of Sonchus asper and Launea procumbens. Our result opposes to the findings reported by Farombi et al., (2002) that KBrO3 treatment to rat decreases the body weight non significantly as compare to control group. Cadenas and baria, (1999) reported that 80 mg/kg b.w. KBrO3 administration for 8 hours in rats non significantly decreased the body weight as compare to control rat, but our results controverses than these findings due chronic administration of KBrO3 as well as kidney weight of the rats was significantly increased when compared to control. This increase of tissue weight was balanced by administration of Resver atrol, Meltonin, vitamin E and PBN . Data of the present study revealed that tissue weight of various organs was increased in the CCl4 and KBrO3 treated rats as compared to control groups and DMSO treated rats. These increases were significantly ameliorated by post-treatment of various fractions of Sonchus asper and Launaea procumbens. Lin et al., (2008) injected 20% CCl4 for six weeks twicely, reported that liver and spleen weight was significantly increased as compared to control. They studied that these elevation was significantly restored by feeding rats with 200-1000mg/kg b.w. Solanum nigrum plant extract. Jodynis-Liebert et al., (2008) reported that Aquilegia vulgaris extract attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and increase of liver weight in rats. Farombi et al., (2001) reported that a single dose of KBrO3 (300 mg/kg b.w.) insignificant changes the liver weight, as was compared to control group rats. Results of Adewole et al. (2007) are also in accordance to our study, in which CCl4 treatment significantly increased the weight of the kidney as compared to control. Our result was supports by treatment of rats with KBrO3 three times a week for 4 weeks resulted significant increase in kidney weight as compared to control rat which was modulated by biflavonoid (kolaviron) isolated from Garcinia kola (Farombi et al., (2001). Administration of various concentration of in the Big Blue rats showed that high doses of the chemical caused significant decreased in body weight while kidney of the rats was significantly increased when compared to control, however less amount of dose showed insignificant variations prove that low of amount of KBrO3 is not toxic as well as mutagenic (Yamaguchi et al., (2008). Decrease in body weight with CCl4 and KBrO3 treatment in this experiment might occur due the degeneration/necrosis of body tissues while increase in the weight of various tissues accounts d ue to the fatty accumulation, lipidperoxidation as well as fibrosis and inflammatory response of the organs. Response of the cells might change and adaptation increase by the protective effects of the rutin and various fractions, results in the recovery of the bodily and organs weight. 5.8. Serum marker enzymes and oxidative stress The areas of dietary modification and chemoprevention show considerable effective approaches for oxidative stress and are a focus on the research of these days. It has been found that some edible plants as a whole or their some portion have protective effects against various disorders including oxidative stress and cancer (Aruoma, 2003). Various studies have shown that several mutagens and carcinogens cause generation of oxygen free radicals, which play a major role in emergence of cancer especially promotion stages of carcinogenesis (Sun, 1990). We are of the opinion that for the assessment of protective effects of pure chemical or extracts, it is more important to change the response of the cells rather than priming the cells against the insult. On this base rats were treated with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) and KBrO3 1 ml/kg b.w. (20 mg/ml) and after 48 h with various fractions of S. asper, L.procumbens and rutin. In the present study, biweekly treatment of CCl4 and KBrO3 for 4 weeks resulted in acute pathological levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and lipids profile in serum. It was suggested that CCl4 and KBrO3 metabolites through lipid peroxidation of hepatocytes cause acute injuries, cell membrane integrity was altered and the enzymes in hepatocytes leaked out. Similar elevated enzymes activities were and changes in lipids profile observed by (Sreelatha et al., 2008) in serum of rats treated with chemicals and these levels relapsed towards the normal level in rats treated with CCl4 plus rutin and various fractions of S. asper and L.procumbens. Similar investigations were reported by Singh et al. (2008) while working on hepatoprotective effects of potato peel against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Farombi et al., (2002) studied the protective effects of kolaviron against KBrO3 induced hepatotoxity and nephrotoxicity in rats, repoted that kolaviron significantly reversed the enzymatic change s of serum level. Serum albumin is the predominant serum protein, which reflects the synthetic function of the liver. Data of the present study reflected that CCl4 and KBrO3 intoxication produced a significant reduction in albumin serum levels compared to control group similar to other findings (Venukumar and Latha, 2002). In the present study administration of rutin and various fractions of plants produced a significant increase in protein and albumin level. This coincides with the other studies (Dang et al. 2007; Lin et al. 2008) where plant extracts had reversed the protein and albumin towards the normal level. Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile produced during old RBCs breakage. Total and direct bilirubin tests are used for identification of liver damages. Increased levels of total or direct bilirubin may be due to jaundice, liver tubes blockage or bile ducts, cirrhosis. Our results showed that CCl4 and KBrO3 significantly (PS. asper and L. procumbens as well as rutin. Same result was reported in other studies (Rafatullah et al., 2006). Similar investigations were reported by Singh et al. (2008) and Sreelatha et al., (2008) while working on hepatoprotective effects of extracts against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in rats. Results of different studies have shown that various enzymatic and non enzymatic systems have been developed by eukaryotic cells to cope with oxygen free radicals (Recknagel et al., 1989; Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000). However when oxidative stress is developed then the defense system become insufficient (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000). Medicinal pla nt materials also composed of different amounts of antioxidants which play main role in controlling various pathological condition including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases and lipid peroxidation (Martin et al., 1993, Agbor et al., 2001). These results indicated that various fractions and rutin are helping in response and adaptation of the hepatocytes possibly via the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins in various fractions. Urine analysis may provide information regarding the status of kidney function and acid base balance (Free and Free, 1972). During normal condition urobilinogen are not excreted into the urine unless any pathogenesis. Urobilinogen; is the end product of conjugated bilirubin after it has passed through the bile ducts and been metabolized in the intestine. The presence of high levels of urobilinogen, urea, creatinine and albumin in urine are the main indication of kidney injuries induced through CCl4 and KBrO3 treatment (Pels et al., 1989; Farombi et al., 2002; Ozturk et al., 2003; Ogeturk et al., 2005; Simerville et al., 2005). Specific gravity and pH of urine correlates with urine osmolality and was affected with chemical administration (Khan et al., 2009). Our results showed that CCl4 and KBrO3 significantly increased serum urea, serum globulin, RBC and WBC showing renal injuries. Glomerular haematuria is typically associated with erythrocyte cases, dysmorphic red blood cells and significant proteinuria. The serum creatinine level does not rise until at least half of the kidney nephrons are damaged or destroyed (Bhattacharya et al., 2005). The glomerular capillary wall is permeable only to substances with a low molecular weight. Once filtered, low-molecular-weight proteins are reabsorbed and metabolized by the proximal tubule cells. High level of proteinurea and haematuria in urine of this study showed the nephrotoxicity induced with CCl4 (Ogawa et al. 1992). The present study revealed that oral administration of different fractions significantly improved creatinine and urobilinogen, and decreased the elevated levels of proteinuria and haematuria. Present study revealed that administration of KBrO3 and CCl4 caused marked impairment in renal function along with significant oxidative stress in the kidneys. Serum creatinine, urobilinogen, BUN, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly higher in the CCl4 treated rats which are consistent with lower creatinine clearance (Adewole et al., 2007; Bhadauria et al., 2008). Rutin and various fractions of L. procumbens and S.asper signifi

The Natural Violence of Human Nature as Shown Through the Epic Beowulf

The Natural Violence of Human Nature as Shown Through the Epic Beowulf Violence is the way of the game in the world of Beowulf. It is how things get done. It is what people care about. The songs in the Mead Hall are all sung of the great violent epics that took place in the times long gone. When there is no violence that can be perpetrated, these cultures tell stories of violence, so as to release this need for aggression that is somewhere deep with in them. This is in many ways like the world that we live in. Humans in this modern world are surrounded and fascinated by violence. Whether or not they are taking part in it, it does fascinate them. It can be found in television, movies, video games, music, books, and all other forms of cultural expression. Our fascinations have not changed that much in the last 1700 years, they have just gained more sophistication and technology. In the days of Beowulf, they sang songs and told epics of the battles and conquest long passed. That was there way of building a heroic nature to their famous warriors. The bards would go out and compose epic ballads in the memory of fallen soldiers and of the great conquerors. Now instead of court bards, we have men like Stephen Ambrose. Instead of the ballad of Sigmund and the dragon, we have D-day. As the men in the Heorot told great tales of battle, bravery and death, we make video games. Video games serve to purposes that both derive straight from our violent nature. They are entertainment and a way to release our natural aggression. Of course they sell so well with young adults. In our modern society violent action against one another is heavily regulated. It is hard for us to release our pent up aggression without invoking the l... ...ommander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, architect of D-Day, and President, Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Govenator and even the current frontrunner for the Republican Presidential nomination, John McCain. We still find confidence in leaders who have proven themselves in combat. The legacy Beowulf leaves behind is that of a great and powerful warlord. Violence is what is seen and told in the stories of his greatness. It is barely mentioned that he was a great ruler for fifty years of peace. This is completely forgotten in the histories. What is remembered is his great battles, because human nature is fascinated with violence. It still is today. The top grossing video game is Halo 3, a game which?s entire game play is warfare. Of the top three grossing movies of all time, two are violent Epics. Violence has and probably will always fascinate human society.

Romantic Poets and Their Response to Nature Essay -- Romantic Poets Po

Romantic Poets and Their Response to Nature Consider how the romantic poets have responded to the subject of nature with close references to at least three poems studied. Consider how the romantic poets have responded to the subject of nature with close references to at least three poems studied, comment in detail on: 1. Imagery (e.g. simile, metaphor, personification.) 2. Subject matter/theme 3. Characteristics of the romantic movement Romanticism was a poetic movement of the 19th century, during The French Revolution. The poetry reflected on feelings of everyday events. It was written in a simplistic language so that everyone could understand and appreciate poetry because earlier poetry was written formally with a complex language, which only the well educated could understand fully. Romantic poems had strong characteristics, which stand out, these are: pantheism, the importance of childhood and memories, a simplistic style, an informal and everyday language, emotional and political. From studying Keats, Coleridge and Wordsworth Nature has been the most influential characteristic, and has inspired them to write personal poems reflecting on God, permanence, education, childhood and memory. The poem 'To Autumn' written by Keats (1795-1821) is a typical romantic poem and in the first sentence 'Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness,' we already have a sense of calmness because the words 'mist' and 'mellow' are very soft and gentle sounding words. Keats has used 'm' and 's' words like these because he wants to get across the calmness of autumn and how relaxed it is, he does this by using words which are almost impossible to be said in a harsh and vicious way. Keats strongly worships na... ... to visualise a supreme, perfect scene of exactly what Westminster looks like in the morning. 'All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautiful steep In his first splendor,' is building up a feeling of warmth because it is a very colourful passage. The word 'steep' increases the reader's sense of touch. To add nature into the poem Wordsworth has commented on 'open unto the fields, and the sky,' this has set a very peaceful tone to the poem and has demonstrated that nature can live together in harmony with man. This image really takes hold of Wordsworth and in a state of passion because of the perfection he cries out to God 'Dear God.' This has added vigour to the poem and to get back to the peacefulness and silent perfection he has added about how still London is in the morning, which means his 'almighty heart is lying still.

Diversity in Crash Essay

The movie Crash (2004), directed by Paul Haggis, is full of different racisms, social and multicultural differences. There are seventeen different characters in this movie ranging from different race, gender, social class and ethnicity. These are stereotypes that people face every day of their lives. Crash really shows the assumptions that we make of others and how people of different backgrounds interact with each other. The movie really made me realize how I act in these types of situations. This movie not only shows the multicultural differences in society, but I think places an emphasis on it within the criminal justice system. In one of the first scenes we see a Persian man with his daughter in a gun store trying to purchase a gun. The owner of the store who is a white male has a very negative attitude towards the man and his daughter. His attitude and gestures really show the negative stereotypes towards the Persian race. The store owner made remarks regarding the attacks on 9/ 11. The store owner is associating them with the Arabs that actually attacked the U.S. Anyone from the Middle East seems to fall under the same category for the store owner. There are many stereotypes that have been around for years, no matter how hard we have tried to get rid of them. Sandra Bullock’s character had made the statement, â€Å"If a white woman sees two black men walking towards her and turns the other way, she’s a racist. Well I got scared and didn’t say anything, and the next thing I knew, I had a gun shoved in my head!† This was a turning point for her and her beliefs. Although the men who shoved a gun to her head were black, she started to be racist towards anyone that was not white. A Hispanic male was changing the locks on her house and she automatically started throwing insults at him. Sandra figured that he would make copies of the keys and come back and break into her house. The way Sandra acted; I think is how most people may respond to situations like that. This can be especially true for the police departments. When an officer has a bad experience with another race while on duty, it can affect other situations the officer may come across with the same race. The officer may think that everyone of that race is the same way. I have always believed that racism, social and multicultural differences were a result from how we were brought up. I believed that if your parents were racist, then you too would be racist. At first, Matt Dillon’s character showed the signs of this theory. Dillon showed that he had a very close bond with his father, which I assumed where he learned his behavior from. This would end up being the furthest from the truth. Dillon’s beliefs come from working on the LAPD for many years and the frustration that he would have at his father’s doctor’s office. At the doctor’s office, Dillon believed that the lady was not trying her hardest to help his father, because she was black. Police corruption is not something that the public hears about a lot. Usually, this is something the police departments try to keep out of the media. There was a situation in the movie that really shows the corruption that can happen. Matt Dillon’s and Ryan Phillips characters are partners on the police force. One night on patrol they pulled over an SUV with a black couple inside. Dillon had offered to let them go without a ticket if the woman would perform sexual acts. As Ryan was looking on at the situation he saw that Dillon was groping and touching the woman inappropriately. While Dillon was assaulting the woman all her husband could do was look on. If he had tried to stop it he would have been arrested. I hate to think this happens, but I know that it does. Ryan decided that he no longer wanted to be Dillon’s partner. He went to his boss and tried to give reason as to why he wanted out. Ryan had to cover what Dillon did and come up with a different reason as to why he wanted a new partner. In our book Ethics and Morality in Criminal Justice explains and gives many examples of sexual misconduct. At the bottom of page 188 it talks about how officers would go â€Å"bimbo hunting.† This would include sexual harassment towards women out drinking, prostitutes and homeless women. These types of situations really show the corruption in a police department. Police chiefs do not want to bring negative attention to their force, so they usually end up covering up what is going on. As far as my personal experience, growing up in Arizona I was in contact with many different races and cultural back grounds. I would like to say that I do not judge people and give them a chance. However, this would not be true. I think we really do use previous experiences and judge others from those. If I were a police officer, I think it would be really hard not to carry over my experiences each time I have a run in with a certain race. I do know that if I witnessed police corruption going on that I would bring it to someone’s attention. We arrest those who sexually harass or rape others that are not on the police force. Therefore, I would not let them get away with anything just because they are an officer. Trouble facing stereotypes can happen anywhere. It is not restricted to race and cultural backgrounds. There are stereotypes against age, social class, gender and there are many more. These stereotypes can cause friction within the same ethnic backgrounds. Until our society takes control and changes these, then there will always be prejudice. The movie Crash really makes us take a look ourselves and how we behave and how much we are all alike in reality. There are so many different scenes in that movie, that there is at least one that we can all relate to.

Beyonce Giselle Knowles

Who is this fierce hip hop diva that rocks the stage with her amazing danging and singing skills? Who is this singer? She is not only a singer, but she is also a song writer, record producer, actress, and model who was born and raised in Houston, Texas. Who is she? Beyonce Giselle Knowles. Beyonce is one of the best and most successful singer and actress in Hollywood. If noticed she is not one of these famous people that attract a lot of drama. The main reason this is that she was raised with a good, strong family. She was lucky in the sense of that her family were wealthy. It came pretty easy for Beyonce to start the pop group Destiny's Child, but it is how she was raised that has ultimately contributed to her success and in her ability to make smart decisions that has led her to excel as a performing artist. Her mother thought of her to be a shy girl. She overcame her shyness and wanted to become a singer and performer once she had a moment on stage. Beyonce started out in a vocalist pop group called Destiny's Child. It was a group formed in 1990. The original members were Beyonce Knowles and LaTavia Roberson. They were just nine years old when the two met at an audition and became friends. Beyonce's father Matthew Knowles, set about developing an act based on the girls' singing and rapping under the name GirlTyme. Kelly Rowland joined the group on 1992 then LeToya Lucket joined in 1993. They spent the next couple of years working their way up to the Houston Club scene. They eventually performed opening acts for famous R&B artists like SWV, Dru Hill, and Immature. Later, in 1997 Destiny's Child was offered a recording contract by Columbia Records. After the fifth Grammy nomination at the 2001 award show LeToya and LaTavia left the group because of management struggles. However, shortly afterwards, Michelle Williams joined the group and they took two awards at the Grammy's as the Best R&B Sing and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group. After all this success, the three talented performers decided to try their hands at solo careers before investing their time in another Destiny's Child album. Beyonce, who was the lead singer of the group, captured the spotlight with her sex appeal and strong vocals. In fact, before her first album was organized, she had a hit in 2003 with Jay-Z called â€Å"Bonnie and Clyde,† and was in a movie with Mike Myers in Austin Powers in Goldmember. This shows that she is able to make her own decisions. She was already getting famous for acting as well as singling on her own. This just prepared the fans for what was to come with her hit single, Dangerously In Love, that came out June 2003. [2] Beyonce becoming single opened amy doors for her. Today she is the third most honored woman in Grammy history with a total of 145 awards and 200 nominations. She was nominated and won the Black Reel Awards in 2003, 2004 2007 and 2008 as Best Breakthrough Performance, Best Original or Adapted Song and Best Actress. She got nominated on the MTV Movie Awards of 2003 for Austin Powers in Gold Member for the Best Breakthrough Performance and again in 2006 for The Pink Panther for the Sexiest Performance. In 2007, she was nominated for the movie Dreamgirls for Best Performance and in 2010 she received a nomination for the movie Obsessed for the Best Fight. Beyonce spend most of her time on her career instead of fooling around. She really wanted to accomplish her goal of being a famous singer, and she did. [3] Beyonce is fun and fearless performer in addition to being a multiple Grammy award winner with winning five Grammy's in one year. As such an important celebrity people would expect her to show extreme behaviors like other celebrities. For example doing drugs, going out every night partying, drama, and problems. She keeps everything thing on the down low with her personal life. However, in her private life she shows that she is always in control. People will never see Beyonce go crazy. Why? What makes her so different from other celebrities? Beyonce was asked in Webceleb Magazine â€Å"What keeps you balanced? † She responded, â€Å"My balance comes from my family. I have reality around me, and they tell me when I need to calm down, take it down a couple notches. Then they tell me when I do something good. I think what celebrities lose is that they lose touch with reality. † What she means about this quote is that she is surrounded by level headed people all the time. They take care of her and make sure she does not do anything out of control. [4] Beyonce Giselle Knowles a smart independent woman making right decisions by the help of her family.

Night Essay

Compare the hanging of the â€Å"youth from Warsaw† and the hanging of the â€Å"sad eyed angel† and explain, using evidence from there and elsewhere in Night, why Elie Reacted differently to the two hangings. Elie Wiesel’s Night is a memoir of his horrifying childhood experiences of suffering as a Jew in the concentration camps. Eliezer was found to suffer in many camps, and during this time he witnessed the daily sufferings and deaths of many humans. His faith faltered as a result, and after so much pain he grew apathetic to the withering away of mortal life. By the end of the book nothing really surprises Elizer anymore because he knew anything could happen at any moment. However, Eliezer’s reaction towards hanging of the â€Å"youth from Warsaw† was different from the hanging of the â€Å"sad eyed angel. † Eliezer’s faith faltered daily when he witnesses the death of many innocent lives including the hanging of the youth from Warsaw, but he never loses his hope or questions the existence of God until he witnesses the hanging of the â€Å"sad eyed angel. † Eliezer witnesses many death during his time in concentration camps, and he never wept once, even when he witnesses the hanging of the youth from Warsaw. This young boy is described as tall and strong. Supposedly, he had stolen something during the alert in the concentration camp. Looking back at his execution, Eliezer expresses his feeling about the hanging saying that it â€Å"upset him deeply† (Wiesel 62) in a way quite distinct from his knowledge of the thousands who died daily in the camps. Elizer was disturb by the hanging because he did not lost all of his faith and hope, he still have humanity so that’s why he feels upset when he witness people die, deep in his heart faith and hope were just broken, now after witness the hanging of the youth from Warsaw he found the broken pieces of hope that is why that evening after the execution he finds â€Å"the soup tasted better than ever† (Wiesel 63). Another reason that Eliezer finds the soup taste better is because he was actually grateful that it was not him or his father toward the execution. Elizer realize that death is everywhere in concentration camp, and it could be either him or his father next time standing on the gallows. He is thankful that he still alive at that moment and can is still eating his ration of soup, although he knows that he could be in line next to get hang in the gallows. Eliezer also felt the youth from Warsaw brought the death on themselves. He realizes that there are rules in the concentration camp that you can never disobey, if you break the rules in the camp, you will be killed. Where is merciful God, where is He? †(Wiesel 64) It was another day when Eliezer return from work and roll call begins. There were three gallows for three prisoners that are going to be hang on the gallows for conspiring to blow up the electric power station, but among the three prisoners there is a little pipel in the middle, the sad eyed angel. At every hanging, no one in the audience will ever shed a tear or weep, but the hanging of the sad eyed angel affected not only Eliezer but many others. During the execution all eyes were on the child, the two men died immediately, but the child was too light â€Å"and so he remained for more than half an hour, lingering between life and death. † (Wiesel 65) The hanging pained Eliezer so much and it makes him wonder how God can be present in a world with such cruelty, he question the present of God and when he heard a voice saying â€Å"For God’s sake, where is God? † (Wiesel 65) he answers â€Å"Where He is? This is where –hanging here from this gallows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wiesel 65). Following the death of the sad eyed angel Eliezer thinks that was the death of God as well. â€Å"That night, the soup tasted of corpses† (Wiesel 65), after witness the hanging of the sad eyed angel Wiesel finds the soup tasted like corpses and also like death, the death of God. The sad eyed angel represent a symbol of silent which God is presents as in the novel Night. God was a symbol of silence in the novel because when Eliezer and the other Jewish people cries out for God’s aid and mercy, their please were left unanswered. The God in Night did not save them from cruelty and death, God has remained silence throughout the novel, so when the angel was hanged Eliezer’s relates the death of angel to the death of God, as he meant that God was hanging upon the gallows and had abandoned them. Eliezer realizes that the Nazis were coming closely to destroy his faith in God and so he was unable to enjoy anything because he thinks that life, hope, and joy could not be reach because all goodness had been destroyed. â€Å"I’ve got more faith in Hitler than in anyone else. He’s the only one who’s keeping his promises, all his promises to the Jewish people† Wiesel 81) Hitler the ultimate evil was conquering the good Jewish people every day through death and destruction. To Eliezer there was no hope for life and no chance for survival. He thinks God had abandoned them because there seems to be no end to evil. After witness the hanging of the sad eyed angel, Eliezer was constantly being reminded of death, he feels like death was everywhere in the camp, and when he were forced to watch the hanging of the sad eyed angel, which appeared to be innocent and full of hope, he feels that he was forced to watch innocence and hope die in front of him. As Eliezer watched the young pipel struggle between life and death he felt that the boy was innocent and he did not deserve to suffer. Eliezer and the young pipel were around the same age, so when he witnesses the hanging of the young pipel he felt as he shared the pipel’s pain and suffering and that he was suffering from a slow painful spiritual death as well. The hanging of the young pipel pained Eliezer so much because he knew he could not rescue him. In Elie Wiesel’s Night the author present a significance of the hanging and the brutal elements of the surroundings in the concentration camp. He express that evening â€Å"the soup tasted better than ever† (Wiesel 63) after he witness the hanging of the youth from Warsaw, and yet after he witness the hanging of the sad eyed angel â€Å"the soup tasted of corpse. † It was trying to present how Eliezer’s slowly loses his hope and faith in God. Eliezer’s faith was being challenged under such brutal condition, and many do not get their beliefs put to the test in such extreme condition as Eliezer did, and this leads Eliezer to question his faith. The meaning of hanging in this novel represent the bad conquers good, death and evil become apparent. The goodness that had been present prior to concentration camp had been destroyed through death, evil and abandonment. Every killing that Eliezer witness deteriorated his faith and finally after witness the sad eyed angel, it was the end of hope for Eliezer, he finally understood the murderous nature of concentration camp, and he could not walk away unaffected by the hanging. At last, Eliezer walked away as a completely different person than how he entered.

Kate Chopin “The story of an hour”

Kate Chopin, in her short-story `the story of an hour`, presents to the reader the frustration of a woman who is suppressed by her husband’s will. In `six feet of the country`, Nadine Gordimer shows how time changes a relationship between a husband and wife. Although both these stories do not have negative or villain characters, they have elements which show mundane difficulties of everyday life. Both the stories intricately depict the complexities in married life, arising out of restrictions in freedom and feeling of discontent in each other’s company. This may cause one to ponder that the evil does not necessarily lie in the minds of married people, but in the institution of marriage itself.When the main character Louise in `the story of an hour’ is informed of the death of her husband, the reader’s mind is conditioned to expect tremendous grief and sorrow. She rushes into her room with tears and locks herself up. However, after the initial shock, she fe els extremely free. She is relieved that she does not have to feel suppressed anymore. She gazes out of the window and looks forward to the simple joys of life. The start of spring season is meant to indicate the end of her stifling marriage and the dawn of a new beginning in her life. The line â€Å"And yet she loved him – sometimes† (Chopin 8) shows that her husband was not necessarily a bad person. She just wants to live for herself, without the kneeling down to the whim of her husband.Until that day, she feared how she was going to live a painfully long life of repression. But, now she hopes to live a long life to savor life and cherish her long-lost freedom. The phrase â€Å"A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime† (Chopin 8) goes to show that the bond of marriage causes one another to pose undue restrictions on each other’s personal freedoms. Louise is overjoyed with her new-found appreciation for life, but fate strik es back when her supposedly dead husband returns back without a scratch in his body. This eventually turns out to be one shock too many for Louise, as she suffers from a fatal heart attack. But, the doctor consoles everyone by saying that Louise’s heart was shocked by the happiness of seeing her husband alive. Feature Article – Short Story  The Plane of the Sleeping BeautyIn `six feet of the country’, Nadine Gordimer tells the tale of a married white man in apartheid-stricken South Africa. The story revolves around a multitude of themes including a dysfunctional marriage, urban vs. town life, bureaucracy and racial oppression. The central character and his wife own a farm. He is really not good at farming and hence the wife takes care of the farm. The wife expects more of out of her husband and immediately expresses her disapproval when he fails to do so.The husband, on the other hand, feels inadequate and is not entirely satisfied with his career. But, he just continues to live his life filled with frequent disputes with his wife. He quite is critical of his wife being messy and says â€Å"I had come home and been infuriated to find her in a pair of filthy old sacks and her hair uncombed† (Gordimer 122), while the same did not seem too unattractive a few years back. This shows that marriages over time can get monotonous and boring.   Although this might seem quite a cynical view of life, it is an honest portrayal of the true nature of human beings.One night, a black immigrant boy dies of pneumonia. But, during the funeral, it is uncovered that a different body was handed-over to them, indicating bureaucratic lapses in the government. His wife compels him to be more helpful and communicative, which essentially goes against his true nature and will. Although he is reluctant to stand up against his own â€Å"race†, he represses his own will to please his wife and tries to help his black employees by petitioning against the administration but eventually gives up. The husband character feels helpless and disgusted not only at the bureaucratic system, but also at the system of marriage that keeps him tied down.Chopin uses symbolism as an effective tool to convey the protagonist’s deepest emotions. The phrase ‘comfortable, roomy armchair’ signifies that Louise has accepted the death of her husband and prepared to live a free life. The author also ends the story by sprinkling a dash of irony. When Louise comes out of the room after mourning the death of her husband, she walks out as a new person full of hope. But, the fact that her husband is still alive kills her dream of being free from the treachery of married of life. On the other hand, Gordimer uses metaphor effectively in `six feet of the country’. The main character says â€Å"she and Petrus both kept their eyes on me as I spoke, and, oddly for those moments they looked exactly alike.†(Gordimer 124) The eyes look alike to the husband because he feels regret and guilt for letting down his wife and his black employee.Both the stories emphasize the saying ‘Marriage is the only war where you sleep with the enemy`. However, Chopin’s `the story of an hour’ gives a much deeper insight into a married person’s p syche and thus stands as stronger evidence for the aforementioned quote compared to `six feet of the country’ by Gordimer. Although the latter also has several elements describing marital problems, it tends to mainly focus on issues racial discrimination and other societal problems. Nonetheless, both the stories effectively show how a common man or woman is stifled by institutions such as marriage and societal pressures.Works CitedChopin, Kate. (1894). â€Å"The story of an Hour†. The International Story: An Anthology with Guidelines for Reading and Writing about Fiction.Gordimer, Nadine. (1986). â€Å"Six feet of the country.† Anthology of Short Stories.

Stress Of Working Women Health And Social Care Essay

The term reappraisal of literature refers to the activities involved in placing and seeking for information on a subject and developing an apprehension of the province of cognition of the subject. This term is besides used to denominate a written sum-up of the province of art on a research job. The research worker carried out an extended reappraisal of literature on the research subject in order to derive deeper penetration into the job every bit good as to roll up maximal relevant information for constructing up the survey. This was accomplished by utilizing MEDLINE, cyberspace, and study of the latest diaries and books. The reappraisal of literature is organized under the undermentioned headers: 2.1 Prevalence and Causes of Stress of working adult females. 2.2 Surveies related to consequence of music therapy in decrease of emphasis. 2.1. Prevalence and Causes of Stress among Working Womans: A cross-sectional population survey was conducted to measure the prevalence of work-related emphasis and its association with self-perceived wellness and sick-leave in a population of working adult females in Swedish. Wholly 424 working adult females were participated. Study revealed that 10 % of the group reported high sensed emphasis due to indistinct organisation and struggles, and 25 % high perceived emphasis due to single demands and committedness and 33 % reported work intervention with leisure clip. All classs of overall work-related emphasis were significantly associated with increased odds of high degree of unwellness symptoms, with the highest uneven ratio for high sensed emphasis due to indistinct organisation and struggles and high perceived emphasis due to single demands and committedness with an uneven ratio of 3.17 ( CI = 1.51-6.62 ) and 4.53 ( CI = 2.71-7.56 ) severally. High perceived emphasis due to indistin ct organisation and struggles and low influence at work were significantly associated with sick-leave with an uneven ratio of 3.85 ( CI = 1.59-9.30 ) and 2.54 ( CI = 1.17-5.48 ) severally. This survey showed an association between work-related emphasis and unwellness symptoms and sick-leave ( Holmgrane, K. , 2009 ) . A study was conducted to place the Gender differences in emphasis among doctors. Wholly 1414 doctors participated ( Male: Female: 107:107 ) Consequence showed that female doctors more frequently experience stressors in relation to their on the job life. It was besides shown that female doctor had more than twice the hazard of being stressed on a day-to-day footing compared to male doctor ( Hareave, M. , 2007 ) . A survey was conducted to place the psychological and physiological factors doing emphasis among working and non-working adult females from Ludhiana metropolis. Data was collected from 75 working and 75 non -working adult females. Consequences revealed that common factors of emphasis in both classs were unfinished undertakings, irresistible impulse of making disliked activities, decease of close comparative, improper slumber. In working adult females, stressors were ‘pleasing others ‘ ( average score 0.92 ) and overburden of work ( 1.04 ) , whereas in non- on the job adult females stressors were ‘wrong on the job position ‘ ( 0.97 ) and ‘non – engagement in decision-making by household ‘ ( 1.02 ) . This survey showed that working adult females were more stressed as compared to non – working adult females ( Harshpinder, 2006 ) . A survey was conducted to happen out the causative factors for emphasis and different emphasis direction technique used by working and non working adult females of Ludhiana. Results showed that workingwomen were significantly more stressed. Highest-ranking societal force per unit area was ‘unexpected invitees ‘ followed by ‘compulsory socialisation ‘ as disclosed by both the groups. All the topics agreed that hubby ‘s emphasis was besides the major factor lending to their ain emphasis followed by emphasis due to alteration of their personal ends. Main emphasis point related to their kids ‘s hereafter was besides agreed upon by both the groups of topics. Majority of respondents were used music, relaxation, supplications as a stress direction technique ( Aujla, P. , 2004 ) . A longitudinal survey was conducted to analyse how increasing demands from work and household life affect the degree of strain and whether there are any important gender differences among Swedish persons. Wholly 9000 persons were participated. Result revealed that multiple demands increase the hazard of enduring from weariness among both adult females and work forces, but it is merely among adult females that an addition in the per centum ( Nordenmark, M. , 2004 ) . A survey was conducted to measure the adult females ‘s work functions and their impact on wellness, wellbeing, and calling. Study findings showed that adult females put in more attempt to household jobs and child care and less to the workplace than work forces do. Heavy work loads adversely affect adult females ‘s wellness, particularly holding a clerical, managerial, professional, or executive place, or caring for immature kids. Women ‘s entire work duties frequently impact their callings due to compensatory decreases in work committedness and occupation position ( Gierdingen, D. , 2000 ) . A survey was conducted to look into psychosocial factors of emphasis and wellbeing in occupationally active adult females. Wholly 98 adult females both blue- and white-collar workers participated. The survey found that psychological work demands affected most significantly wellbeing of adult females, and work insecurity was the most serious factor impacting the sensed emphasis experienced by adult females. The work-related stressors greater than that of the stressors associated with the household map, although the relationship between household operation, emphasis and wellbeing was besides important ( Makowska, Z. , 1995 ) . 2.3. Surveies Related to Effect of Music Therapy In Reduction of Stress: A survey was conducted to measure the consequence of music on postoperative hurting and anxiousness among patients who underwent a entire articulatio genus arthroplasty. Wholly 56 ( 56 ) patients were indiscriminately assigned to either a music intercession group or a quiet remainder group. Study showed that the music group ‘s was non significantly different from the comparing remainder group ‘s lessening in hurting ( F = 1.120 ; P = .337 ) or anxiousness ( F = 1.566 ; P = .206 ) . However, statistical findings within groups indicated that the sample had a statistically important lessening in hurting ( F = 6.699 ; P = .001 ) and anxiousness ( F = 4.08 ; P = .013 ) ( Allred, K, D. , 2010 ) . A randomized controlled test was conducted to happen out the effects of music intercession on physiological emphasis response and anxiousness degree of automatically ventilated patients in China. Wholly 137 patients indiscriminately assigned to music listening group, earphone group or control group. Study revealed that a important decrease in physiological emphasis response ( bosom rate and respiratory rate ) in music hearing group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 for both variables ) and a important addition in bosom rate and respiratory rate in control group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 and p = 0.032 ) .There was no alteration in earphone group. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale showed a important decrease in anxiousness for the music listening group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) and earphone group compared with control group ( P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) ( Sit, J, W. , 2010 ) . A randomized controlled test was conducted to find the effects of music therapy on labour hurting and anxiousness in Chinese para I female parents. Sixty para I expected to hold a normal self-generated bringing were indiscriminately assigned to either the experimental group ( n = 30 ) or the control group ( n = 30 ) . The experimental group received everyday attention and music therapy, whereas the control group received everyday attention merely. Pain and anxiousness between groups were compared during the latent stage ( 2-4 centimeter cervical dilation ) and active stage ( 5-7 centimeter ) individually. The consequences revealed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly lower hurting, anxiousness and a higher finger temperature during the latent stage of labour. Though no important differences were found between the two groups on all result steps during the active stage ( Liu, YH. , 2010 ) . A randomized controlled clinical test was conducted to happen out music versus Valium to cut down preoperative anxiousness. Wholly Two hundred and seven ( 207 ) patients were participated. The Patients were randomized in to 2 groups to have Valium or listen to music on the twenty-four hours of surgery and the old twenty-four hours. Just before the operation, anxiousness was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Study revealed that there were no important differences in anxiousness, cortisol degree, bosom rate, or blood force per unit area were found between the 2 groups ( music vs ataractic ) . The findings indicate that music is every bit effectual as depressants for cut downing preoperative anxiousness ( Berbel, P. , 2010 ) . A survey was conducted to mensurate and gauge the effectivity of music therapy intercessions on hurting and anxiousness control in patients undergoing bone marrow biopsy and aspiration at the Tabriz Hematology and oncology centre in Iran. Wholly 100 patients were indiscriminately assigned to one of two groups: one group listened to music during the process, and the other did non. Consequences demonstrated that participants who listened to music had lower province anxiousness and hurting degrees than those who did non listen to music ( Shabanloei, R, 2010 ) . A randomized controlled survey was conducted on Comparison of the effectivity of music and progressive musculus relaxation for anxiousness in chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . Wholly 82 COPD topics were selected from K.M.C hospitals.. After being screened, 72 topics were selected for the survey. Music group listened to a ego selected music of 60-80 beats per minute for 30 proceedingss. PMR group practiced relaxation through a pre-recorded sound of instructions of 16 musculus groups. Study showed that important chief consequence across the Sessionss for province anxiousness ( F = 62.621, P = 0.000 ) , trait anxiousness ( F = 19.528, P = 0.000 ) , dyspnoea ( F = 122.227, P = 0.000 ) , systolic blood force per unit area ( F = 63.885, P = 0.000 ) , pulse rate ( F = 115.780, P = 0.000 ) and respiratory rate ( F = 202.977, P = 0.000 ) .There were greater alterations noted after the 2nd session in both groups.Music and PMR are effectual in cut downing anxiousness and dyspnea alo ng with physiologic steps such as systolic blood force per unit area, pulse rate and respiratory rate in two Sessionss in COPD patients. Though, decreases in the music group were greater compared to the PMR group ( Singh, V, P. , 2009 ) . A randomized controlled survey was conducted to find the consequence of music intercession in stress response among patients who have undergone bosom surgery in Sweden. Wholly Fifty-eight ( 58 ) patients who had undergone unfastened coronary arteria beltway grafting or aortal valve replacing surgery were included. On the first postoperative twenty-four hours, patients were allocated to have 30 proceedingss of uninterrupted bed remainder with music and so 30 proceedingss of bed remainder or instead 60 proceedingss of uninterrupted bed remainder. The music was soft and relaxing, included different tunes in new-age manner, played with a volume at 50 to 60 dBs, and distributed through a music pillow connected to an MP3 participant. After 30 proceedingss of bed remainder, there was a important difference in s-cortisol degrees between the groups ; 484. 4 mmol/L in the music group versus 618.8 mmol/L in the control group ( P & A ; lt ; .02 ) ( Nilson, U. , 2009 ) . A case- control survey was conducted to measure the consequence of music on anxiousness, emphasis, and depression degrees in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Consequences showed that important lessenings in average tonss of province anxiousness ( P = 0.006 ) , emphasis ( P = 0.001 ) and depression P = 0.02 ) who listened to 20 proceedingss of loosen uping music, as compared with the control group who had 20 proceedingss of bed remainder ( Moradipanah, F.,2009 ) . A prospective randomized controlled test was conducted to measure the effectivity of music in decrease of anxiousness degrees among patients go toing for endoscopy. Wholly 180 patients were indiscriminately assigned to either a music intercession group or a quiet remainder group. Result revealed that important decrease in anxiousness tonss in music intercession group compared to command ( EL-Hassan, H. , 2009 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to research the effects of preferable music hearing on anxiousness and hurting perceptual experience in patients who diagnosed with terminal phase nephritic failure undergoing hemodialysis. Wholly 60 patients were indiscriminately assigned to two groups. Preferred music given to intervention group. The control group scored significantly higher in province anxiousness, and higher hurting strength than the experimental group ( Pothoulaki, M. , 2009 ) . A survey was conducted to happen out the consequence of music entirely, aromatherapy entirely, and music in add-on to aromatherapy on anxiousness degrees of grownups attach toing kids to a paediatric exigency section waiting country. The survey was carried out over 28 back-to-back yearss, the group was assigned an intercession, music, aromatherapy, and both music and aromatherapy. The music was classical with a pacing of 60 to 70 beats per minute. The aromatherapy used the indispensable oil Neroli dispersed utilizing 2 aromatherapy diffusors placed in strategic airflow terminals of the exigency section. After the 1104 studies, there was a statistically important lessening in anxiousness degree on those yearss when music was playing ( 36.3 vs. 39.2 ; P = 0.017 ) ( Holm, L. , 2008 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the impact of music on pregnant adult females. Wholly 236 pregnant adult females participated. The pregnant adult females assigned to two groups, 116 pregnant adult females to a music group and 120 to a control group. The music group showed important decreases in emphasis, anxiousness and depression after merely two hebdomads compared than control group ( Chang, M, Y. , 2008 ) . A randomized control test was conducted to analyze the consequence of music therapy on emphasis response in patients undergoing twenty-four hours surgery. Sixty patients were randomized to one of three groups. Before and during surgery, patients in group 1 listened to new age music and those in group 2 listened to a pick of music from one of four manners. Patients in the control group heard the normal sounds of the operating theater. Plasma degrees of hydrocortisone were evaluated earlier, during and after the operation. Plasma hydrocortisone degrees decreased during surgery in both patient groups who listened to music, but increased in the control group ( Leardi, S. , 2007 ) . . An experimental survey was conducted to look into the consequence of unrecorded music on diminishing anxiousness in patients undergoing chemotherapy intervention. Wholly 50 ( 50 ) patients were assigned to experimental ( n = 25 ) and control ( n = 25 ) group. Subjects in the experimental group received 20 proceedingss of familiar unrecorded music during their chemotherapy intervention. Subjects in the control group received standard chemotherapy. Consequences of the survey showed statistically important betterment for the experimental group on the steps of anxiousness, fright, weariness, relaxation, and diastolic blood force per unit area ( Ferrer, A, J. , 2007 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to analyze the consequence of music therapy on the anxiousness degrees and sleep forms of abused adult females in shelters. Wholly 28 ( 28 ) adult females were randomized in to two groups. First group had a 20-minute recording of participant-selected music with a Progressive Muscle Relaxation book ( Experimental ) . Second group non listen any types of music ( Control ) . Consequences indicated that music therapy constituted an effectual method for cut downing anxiousness degrees. Results besides indicated a important consequence on sleep quality for the experimental group, but non for the control group ( Hernandenz-Ruitz, E. , 2005 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the effects of loosen uping music on cardiac autonomic balance and anxiousness among acute myocardial infarction. Wholly 45 ( 45 ) patients were included. They were grouped in to 3 groups. Group ( 1 ) had 20 proceedingss of music in a quiet, reposeful environment ( experimental group ) ; group ( 2 ) had quiet, reposeful environment without music ( attending ) ; or group ( 3 ) had intervention as usual ( control ) . Immediately after the intercession, decreases in bosom rate, respiratory rate, and myocardial O demand were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Increases in high-frequency bosom rate variableness were significantly greater in the experimental and attending groups than in the control group instantly after the intercession. State anxiousness was reduced in the experimental group merely ( White, J, M. , 1999 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the effectivity of a music therapy intercession on relaxation and anxiousness for patients having ventilator aid. Wholly 50 four ( 54 ) were participated. The group randomized in to two groups. State anxiousness ( pre and post trial ) , bosom rate, respiratory rate were obtained every 5 proceedingss for 30 proceedingss. Patient who received music therapy ( na†¢?27 ) reported significantly less anxiousness station trial than those patient in the control group ( na†¢?27 ) .Heart rate and respiratory rate decreased over clip for those patient in the music group was compared with the control group topics ( Chlan,1998 ) . An experimental survey was conducted to measure the effects of relaxation and music therapy among patients with presumptive acute myocardial infarction. Wholly 80 patients were indiscriminately assigned to a relaxation, music therapy, or control group. The relaxation and music therapy groups participated in three Sessionss over a two-day period. Study revealed that take downing apical bosom rates and raising peripheral temperatures were more successful in the relaxation and music therapy groups than in the control group ( Guzzetta, C, E. , 1989 ) .